NASA’s announcement last week of 7 new exoplanets is still causing great excitement. Any time you discover 7 “Earth-like” planets around a distant star, with 3 of them “potentially” in the habitable zone, it’s a big deal. But now that we’re over some of our initial excitement, let’s look at some of the questions that need to be answered before we can all get excited again.

What About That Star?

The star that the planets orbit, called Trappist-1, is a Red Dwarf star, much dimmer and cooler than our Sun. The three potentially habitable planets—TRAPPIST-1e, f, and g— get about the same amount of energy as Earth and Mars do from the Sun, because they’re so close to it. Red Dwarfs are very long-lasting stars, and their lifetimes are measured in the trillions of years, rather than billions of years, like our Sun is.

But Red Dwarfs themselves can have some unusual properties that are problematic when it comes to supporting life on nearby planets.

Red Dwarfs can be covered in starspots, or what we call sunspots when they appear on our Sun. On our Sun, they don’t have much affect on the amount of energy received by the Earth. But on a Red Dwarf, they can reduce the energy output by up to 40%. And this can go on for months at a time.

Other Red Dwarfs can emit powerful flares of energy, causing the star to double in brightness in mere minutes. Some Red Dwarfs constantly emit these flares, along with powerful magnetic fields.

Part of the excitement surrounding the Trappist planets is that they show multiple rocky planets in orbit around a Red Dwarf. And Red Dwarfs are the most common type of star in the Milky Way. So, the potential for life-supporting, rocky planets just grew in a huge way.

But we don’t know yet how the starspots and flaring of Red Dwarfs will affect the potential habitability of planets orbiting them. It could very well render them uninhabitable.

Will Tidal Locking Affect the Planets’ Habitability?

The planets orbiting Trappist-1 are very likely tidally locked to their star. This means that they don’t rotate, like Earth and the rest of the planets in our Solar System. This has huge implications for the potential habitability of these planets. With one side of the planet getting all the energy from the star, and the other side in perpetual darkness, these planets would be nothing like Earth.

One side would be constantly roasted by the star, while the other would be frigid. It’s possible that some of these planets could have atmospheres. Depending on the type of atmosphere, the extreme temperature effects of tidal locking could be mitigated. But we just don’t know if or what type of atmosphere any of the planets have. Yet.

So, Do They Have Atmospheres?

We just don’t know yet. But we do have some constraints on what any atmospheres might be.

Preliminary data from the Hubble Space Telescope suggests that TRAPPIST 1b and 1c don’t have extended gas envelopes. All that really tells us is that they aren’t gaseous planets. In any case, those two planets are outside of the habitable zone. What we really need to know is if TRAPPIST 1e, 1f, and 1g have atmospheres. We also need to know if they have greenhouse gases in their atmospheres. Greenhouse gases could help make tidally locked planets hospitable to life.

On a tidally locked planet, the termination line between the sunlit side and the dark side is considered the most likely place for life to develop. The presence of greenhouse gases could expand the habitable band of the termination line and make more of the dark side warmer.

We won’t know much about any greenhouse gases in the atmospheres of these planets until the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the European Extremely Large Telescope (EELT) are operating. Those two ‘scopes will be able to analyze the atmospheres for greenhouse gases. They might also be able to detect biosignatures like ozone and methane in the atmospheres.

We’ll have to wait a while for that though. The JWST doesn’t launch until October 2018, and the EELT won’t see first light until 2024.

Do They Have Liquid Water?

We don’t know for sure if life requires liquid water. We only know that’s true on Earth. Until we find life somewhere else, we have to be guided by what we know of life on Earth. So we always start with liquid water.

A study published in 2016 looked at planets orbiting ultra-cool dwarfs like TRAPPIST-1. They determined that TRAPPIST 1b and 1c could have lost as much as 15 Earth oceans of water during the early hot phase of their solar system. TRAPPIST 1d might have lost as much as 1 Earth ocean of water. If they had any water initially, that is. But the study also shows that they may have retained some of that water. It’s not clear if the three habitable planets in the TRAPPIST system suffered the same loss of initial water. But if they did, they could have retained a similar amount of water.

There are still a lot of questions here. The word “habitable” only means that they are receiving enough energy from their star to keep water in liquid form. Since the planets are tidally locked, any water they did retain could be frozen on the planets’ dark side. To find out for sure, we’ll have to point other instruments at them.

Are Their Orbits Stable?

Planets require stable orbits over a biologically significant period of time in order for life to develop. Conditions that change too rapidly make it impossible for life to survive and adapt. A planet needs a stable amount of solar radiation, and a stable temperature, to support life. If the solar radiation, and the planet’s temperature, fluctuates too rapidly or too much due to orbital instability, then life would not be able to adapt to those changes.

Right now, there’s no indication that the orbits of the TRAPPIST 1 planets are unstable. But we are still in the preliminary stage of investigation. We need a longer sampling of their orbits to know for sure.

Pelted by Interlopers?

Our Solar System is a relatively placid place when it comes to meteors and asteroids. But it wasn't always that way. Evidence from lunar rock samples show that it may have suffered through a period called the “Late Heavy Bombardment.” During this time, the inner Solar System was like a shooting gallery, with Earth, Venus, Mercury, Mars, and our Moon being struck continuously by asteroids.

The cause of this period of Bombardment, so the theory goes, was the migration of the giant planets through the solar system. Their gravity would have dislodged asteroids from the asteroid belt and the Kuiper Belt, and sent them into the path of the inner, terrestrial planets.

We know that Earth has been hit by meteorites multiple times, and that at least one of those times, a mass extinction was the result.

The TRAPPIST 1 system has no giant planets. But we don’t know if it has an asteroid belt, a Kuiper Belt, or any other organized, stable body of asteroids. It may be populated by asteroids and comets that are unstable. Perhaps the planets in the habitable zone are subjected to regular asteroid strikes which wipes out any life that gets started there. Admittedly, this is purely speculative, but so are a lot of other things about the TRAPPIST 1 system.

How Will We Find Out More?

We need more powerful telescopes to probe exo planets like those in the TRAPPIST 1 system. It’s the only way to learn more about them. Sending some kind of probe to a solar system 40 light years away is something that might not happen for generations, if ever.

Luckily, more powerful telescopes are on the way. The James Webb Space Telescope should be in operation by April of 2019, and one of its objectives is to study exoplanets. It will tell us a lot more about the atmospheres of distant exoplanets, and whether or not they can support life.

Other telescopes, like the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) and the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT), have the potential to capture images of large exoplanets, and possibly even Earth-sized exoplanets like the ones in the TRAPPIST system. These telescopes will see their first light within ten years.

What these questions show is that we can’t get ahead of ourselves. Yes, it’s exciting that the TRAPPIST planets have been discovered. It’s exciting that there are multiple terrestrial worlds there, and that 3 of them appear to be in the habitable zone.

It’s exciting that a Red Dwarf star—the most common type of star in our neighborhood—has been found with multiple rocky planets in the habitable zone. Maybe we’ll find a bunch more of them, and the prospect of finding life somewhere else will grow.

But it’s also possible that Earth, with all of its life supporting and sustaining characteristics, is an extremely unlikely occurrence. Special, rare, and unrepeatable.

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Tesla cheif Elon musk approves a nine year old girls marketing plan.

A copy of Bria's letter was posted on Twitter by her father Steven, who says he is an auto writer and professor at the Art Institute of Michigan.

"Elon, my daughter wrote you a letter for a school project. She mailed it to Tesla, but I figured I'd paste here. Thank you!" wrote Bria's father.

"I'm Bria from Ms Esparza's 5th grade class. I'm writing [to] you because I would like to make a suggestion for your company," said Bria in her letter.

"I have noticed that you do not advertise, but many people make homemade commercials for Tesla and some of them are very good. They look professional and they are entertaining.

"So, I think that you should run a competition on who can make the best homemade Tesla commercial and the winners will get their commercial aired.

"The cool part is that you still won't be taking the time and money to advertise for yourself."

Tesla Motors is known for running an idiosyncratic marketing strategy, which includes no advertising and no chief marketing officer.

Bria added that Mr Musk could award the winner "a year of free supercharging or a Model 3 Easter Egg".

Bria, who said she aspires to become a politician, also said she was unhappy Tesla cars could not be purchased in her home state.

"It's so sad that they cannot be bought in Michigan...I plan to be a politician when I grow up, and I will make sure that the government protects the environment and Teslas can be bought anywhere."

Tesla has been involved in a long-running dispute with Michigan's officials over the direct selling of its cars to consumers. Last year, the company filed a lawsuit against Michigan's governor and other state officials.

Bria signed her letter as Mr Musk's "green fan", and made a further request: "P.S. It would be so cool if you could hook me up with a Tesla T-shirt!"

Mr Musk, who is an avid social media user, noticed the copy of Bria's letter on Twitter and duly replied to her father.

"Thank you for the lovely letter. That sounds like a great idea. We'll do it!"

Bria's father confirmed later to surprised Twitter users that she had actually written the letter all by herself.

"She actually wrote it. She loves writing. I help her edit her stuff, but she's gotten better, and she reads a ton."

Sun watchers at the US Naval Research Laboratory spotted a so-called "sungrazing comet" heading toward its imminent doom on Friday. The newly spotted comet doesn't yet have a name, and it might never get one as it may cease to exist very soon.

"This comet will not survive,"NRL astrophysicist Karl Battams wrote on Twitter. "It'll vaporize loooong before iteven nears the solar surface."Sungrazers are exactly what they sound like: comets that pass very close to the sun on their trips through the inner solar system,often disintegrating in the process.You can actually watch this new comet's final hours in near real time via NASA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO).

To use the interactive SOHO movie theater tool to follow the comet's suicidal path, you just need to go to this link, choose"LASCO C3" in the "image type" field,"1024" for your resolution and enter"10" under "latest n images" and then press search. You can also play around with different start and end dates if you're reading this long after March 3.The resulting time-lapse shows the comet in the lower left flying towards the sun and oblivion.

The sun is actually blocked out in the image by anocculter diskthat's seen as a dark blue circle, which is what allows nearby objects to be seen by the observatory.You can also see Mercury hanging outon the right. There's about a twelve-minute gap between each frame.Happy trails you brave space snowball,we barely knew you.

Then again, maybe that's better as things don't often end up well when comets try to shake hands with the Earth.

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On February 27th. Elon Musk announced SpaceX’s ambitious plan to send two private citizens on a trip around the Moon. The two space tourists have already put down a substantial deposit towards the trip, which Musk says could happen as soon as late 2018. We don’t know how much the mission will cost, or what its prospects are for success. But it could kick off the first public-private space race between the private company and NASA.

He said two private individuals approached the company to see if SpaceX would be willing to send them on a week long cruise, which would fly past the surface of the moon but not land and continue outward before gravity turned the spacecraft around and brought it back to Earth for a landing.

The Unnamed two passengers who have paid for the trip to the moon have been approaching for a set to the moon in the end of 2018. The passengers will be trained “We expect to conduct health and fitness tests, as well as begin initial training later this year. Other flight teams have also expressed strong interest and we expect more to follow,” and also they have said they will release the name of the crew and other flight teams who have interested in the trip after the conformation of the test.

DRAGON 2:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjSb_b4TtxI Dragon 2 is a name of the rocket to fly the passengers to the moon. In addition, this will make use of the Falcon Heavy rocket, which was developed with internal SpaceX funding. Falcon Heavy is due to launch its first test flight this summer and, once successful, will be the most powerful vehicle to reach orbit after the Saturn V moon rocket. At 5 million pounds of liftoff thrust, Falcon Heavy is two-thirds the thrust of Saturn V and more than double the thrust of the next largest launch vehicle currently flying.

Also they said the Dragon version 2 into the International Space Station (ISS) without the crew for demonstration for the SpaceX's MISSION in automatic mode. Actually they are now contracted to perform an average of four Dragon 2 missions to the ISS per year, three carrying cargo and one carrying crew. By also flying privately crewed missions, which NASA has encouraged, long-term costs to the government decline and more flight reliability history is gained, benefiting both government and private missions.

When the process will be success the SpaceX will launch the trip to the moon. The liftoff for the mission will take place in Kennedy Space Center’s historic Pad 39A near Cape Canaveral – the same launch pad used by the Apollo program for its lunar missions. In a calculation the trip will take 7 days (two to three days going to the Moon and another two to three coming back).

Challenges

The biggest Trouble is the launch. SpaceX has had some troubles with those in the past, and this time, people will be on board. The company has been taking extra precautions to ensure the safety of its launches, and it hasn’t experienced any mishaps since its Falcon 9 rocket explosion in September. Reentering the atmosphere is another challenge.

Though designed for a touchdown, SpaceX has said previously that its Dragon spacecrafts can safely land anywhere, even on water. The success of SpaceX’s private lunar mission is in everyone’s best interests, of course. “Designed from the beginning to carry humans, the Dragon spacecraft already has a long flight heritage. These missions will build upon that heritage, extending it to deep space mission operations, an important milestone as we work towards our ultimate goal of transporting humans to Mars,” SpaceX said.

However we hope the trip will be end well and NASA will do more awesome projects.

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Waymo, previously known as the Google self-driving car project, is an autonomous car developer and an independent company under Alphabet Inc. The company began in 2009 as a project under Google.

In December 2016, Google transitioned the project into a new company called Waymo, housed under Google’s parent company Alphabet. Alphabet describes Waymo as “a self-driving tech company with a mission to make it safe and easy for people and things to move around.” The new company, which will be headed by long-time automotive executive John Krafcik, plans to make self-driving cars available to the public in 2020

The project team has equipped a number of different types of cars with the self-driving equipment, including the Toyota Prius,Audi TT, and Lexus RX450h, Google has also developed their own custom vehicle, which is assembled by Roush Enterprises and uses equipment from Bosch, ZF Lenk system, LG, and Continental.

In May 2016, Google and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced an order of 100 Pacific a hybrid mini vans to test the technology on. Google's robotic cars have about $150,000 in equipment including a $70,000 LIDAR system. The range finder mounted on the top is a Velodyne 64-beam laser.

This laser allows the vehicle to generate a detailed 3D map of its environment. The car then takes these generated maps and combines them with high-resolution maps of the world, producing different types of data models that allow it to drive itself. As of June 2014, the system works with a very high definition inch-precision map of the area the vehicle is expected to use, including how high the traffic lights are; in addition to on-board systems, some computation is performed on remote computer farms.

In August 2016 alone, their cars traveled a "total of 170,000 miles; of those, 126,000 miles were driven autonomously. As of June 2016, Google had test driven their fleet of vehicles, in autonomous mode, a total of 1,725,911 mi (2,777,585 km). A Toyota Prius modified to operate as a Google driverless car, navigating a test course.

In 2012, the test group of vehicles included six Toyota Prius, an Audi TT, and three Lexus RX450h, each accompanied in the driver's seat by one of a dozen drivers with unblemished driving records and in the passenger seat by one of Google's engineers.

By May 2015, that fleet consisted solely of 23 Lexus SUVs. Google's vehicles have traversed an Francisco's Lombard Street, famed for its steep hairpin turns, and through city traffic. The vehicles have driven over the Golden Gate Bridge and around Lake Tahoe. The system drives at the speed limit it has stored on its maps and maintains its distance from other vehicles using its system of sensors. The system provides an override that allows a human driver to take control of the car by stepping on the brake or turning the wheel, similar to cruise control systems already found in many cars today.

On March 28, 2012, Google posted a YouTube video showing Steve Mahan, a resident of Morgan Hill, California, being taken on a ride in Google's self-driving Toyota Prius. In the video, Mahan states "Ninety-five percent of my vision is gone, I'm well past legally blind". In the description of the YouTube video, it is noted that the carefully programmed route takes him from his home to a drive-through restaurant, then to the dry cleaning shop, and finally back home. In August 2012, the team announced that they have completed over 300,000 autonomous-driving miles (500,000 km) accident-free, typically having about a dozen cars on the road at any given time, and are starting to test them with single drivers instead of in pairs.

Four U.S. states have passed laws permitting autonomous cars as of  December 2013: Nevada, Florida, California, and Michigan. A law proposed in Texas would establish criteria for allowing "autonomous motor vehicles". In April 2014, the team announced that their vehicles have now logged nearly 700,000 autonomous miles (1.1 million km).

In June 2015, the team announced that their vehicles have now driven over 1,000,000 mi (1,600,000 km), stating that this was "the equivalent of 75 years of typical U.S. adult driving", and that in the process they had encountered 200,000 stop signs, 600,000 traffic lights, and 180 million other vehicles. Google also announced its prototype vehicles were being road tested in Mountain View, California. During testing, the prototypes' speed will not exceed 25 mph (40 km/h) and will have safety drivers aboard the entire time. As a consequence, one of the vehicles was stopped by police for impeding traffic flow.

Google has expanded its road-testing to the state of Texas, where regulations do not prohibit cars without pedals and a steering wheel. Bills were introduced by interested parties to similarly change the legislation in California. Google expected the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to release precedent-setting regulations regarding driverless cars in January 2015, allowing the company to give public access to the prototypes. As of October 2016, the CA DMV just issued draft regulations so is waiting for public comments.

Based on Google's own accident reports, their test cars have been involved in 14 collisions, of which other drivers were at fault 13 times. It was not until 2016 that the car's software caused a crash.

On February 14, 2016 a Google self-driving car attempted to avoid sand bags blocking its path. During the maneuver it struck a bus. Google addressed the crash, saying “In this case, we clearly bear some responsibility, because if our car hadn’t moved there wouldn’t have been a collision.” Some incomplete video footage of the crash is available. Google characterized the crash as a misunderstanding and a learning experience. The company also stated " This type of misunderstanding happens between human drivers on the road every day."

As of July 2015, Google's 23 self-driving cars have been involved in 14 minor collisions on public roads, but Google maintains that, in all cases other than the February 2016 incident, the vehicle itself was not at fault because the cars were either being manually driven or the driver of another vehicle was at fault.

In June 2015, Google founder Sergey Brin confirmed that there had been 12 collisions as of that date, eight of which involved being rear-ended at a stop sign or traffic light, two in which the vehicle was side-swiped by another driver, one of which involved another driver rolling through a stop sign, and one where a Google employee was manually driving the car.

In July 2015, three Google employees suffered minor injuries when the self-driving car they were riding in was rear-ended by a car whose driver failed to brake at a traffic light. This was the first time that a self-driving car collision resulted in injuries. Additionally, Google maintains monthly reports that include any traffic incidents that their self-driving cars have been involved in.

Google is required by the California DMV to report the number of incidents during testing where the human driver took control. Some of these incidents are not reported by Google when simulations indicate the car should have coped on its own. There is some controversy concerning this distinction between driver-initiated disengagements that Google reports and those that it does not report.

As of August 28, 2014, according to Computer World Google's self-driving cars were in fact unable to use about 99% of US roads. As of the same date, the latest prototype had not been tested in heavy rain or snow due to safety concerns.Because the cars rely primarily on pre-programmed route data, they do not obey temporary traffic lights and, in some situations, revert to a slower "extra cautious" mode in complex unmapped intersections.

The vehicle has difficulty identifying when objects, such as trash and light debris, are harmless, causing the vehicle to veer unnecessarily. Additionally, the lidar technology cannot spot some pot holes or discern when humans, such as a police officer, are signaling the car to stop. Google projects plan on having these issues fixed by 2020.

In 2012 Google founder Sergey Brin stated that Google Self-Driving car will be available for the general public in 2017, and in 2014 this schedule was updated by project director Chris Urmson to indicate a possible release from 2017 to 2020. Google has partnered with suppliers including Bosch, ZF Lenk system, LG, Continental, and Roush, and has contacted manufacturers including General Motors, Ford, Toyota (including Lexus), Daimler and Volkswagen

In August 2013, news reports surfaced about Robo-Taxi, a proposed driverless vehicle taxi cab service from Google. These reports re-appeared again in early 2014, following the granting of a patent to Google for an advertising fee funded transportation service which included autonomous vehicles as a method of transport.

Paid Google consultant Larry Burns says self-driving, taxi-like vehicles " should be viewed as a new form of public transportation." In a December 2016 blog post, CEO John Krafcik stated:"We can see our technology being useful in personal vehicles, ride sharing, logistics, or solving last mile problems for public transport" but also that "Our next step as Waymo will be to let people use our vehicles to do everyday things like run errands, commute to work, or get safely home after a night on the town." Temporary use of vehicles is known as Transportation as a Service.

Legislation has been passed in four U.S. states and Washington, D.C. allowing driverless cars. The state of Nevada passed a law on June 29, 2011, permitting the operation of autonomous cars in Nevada, after Google had been lobbying in that state for robotic car laws. The Nevada law went into effect on March 1, 2012, and the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles issued the first license for an autonomous car in May 2012, to a Toyota Prius modified with Google's experimental driverless technology.

In April 2012, Florida became the second state to allow the testing of autonomous cars on public roads, and California became the third when Governor Jerry Brown signed the bill into law at Google Headquarters in Mountain View.

In December 2013,Michigan became the fourth state to allow testing of driverless cars on public roads.

In July 2014, the city of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho adopted a robotics ordinance that includes provisions to allow for self-driving cars.

In December 2015, the California Department of Motor Vehicles issued long-anticipated proposed regulations governing autonomous vehicles, and invited public comments on the draft regulations at meetings in Sacramento on January 28, 2016, and in Los Angeles on February 2, 2016.

If adopted, the regulations would require self-driving cars to have a steering wheel and pedals, and a human driver onboard who holds an " autonomous vehicle operator certificate." They would also hold the occupant responsible for accidents and violations of traffic laws, regardless of whether or not they were at the wheel.

The DMV summarized its perspective by stating, " Given the potential risks associated with deployment of such a new technology,  that manufacturers need to obtain more experience in testing driverless vehicles on public roads prior to making this technology available to the general public." Lobbying by project manager Chris Urmson from Google in the US Senate is underway to change this.

ROBORACE.

Roborace race founder Denis Sverdlov and car stylist Daniel Simon unveiled the 'Robocar' during a keynote address at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona. The design has largely stayed true to the initial concept that was released last April. The Robocar, which weighs 975kg, has four 300kW motors and Roborace claims it will be capable of speeds of almost 200mph.

Its DevBot mule has been averaging over 100mph on demonstration runs, with an average of 115mph in Buenos Aires, where the project was running in support of its partner series Formula E earlier this month. " This is a huge moment for Roborace as we share the Robocar with the world and take another big step in advancing driverless electric technology," said Sverdlov."I am so proud of the entire team and our partners and particularly the work Daniel has done creating this beautiful machine.

" It was very important for us that we created an emotional connection to driverless cars and bring humans and robots closer together to define our future. " The progress with Devbot on track and building the Robocar in less than a year has been extraordinary and we cannot wait to continue the journey of learning with the Robocar. " Sverdlov reiterated the desire of the series was to help prove autonomous vehicles were a safe and legitimate option for everyday use on the road.

Simon, whose design history includes working on the visuals for major films like Tron Legacy and Oblivion, said the series" opens a new dimension" for motor sport to meet artificial intelligence. " Whilst pushing the boundaries of engineering, we styled every single part of the Robocar," Simon added.

" We take special pride in revealing a functional machine that stays true to the initial concept shared, a rarity in automotive design and a testament of our determination. " It's a great feeling to set this free. " Each Roborace team will use the same base Robocar when the series finally starts, with the emphasis placed on software.

The series will rely on Formula E supplier Michelin for its tires, while another Formula E partner, electric truck company Charge, is providing electronics and motors for the Robocar. Roborace hit a mile stone in Buenos Aires last week when it put two versions of DevBot on track at the same time, although the Saturday 'race' was overshadowed by a crash for one of the cars.

There is still no firm target for when the first race will take place, only a reiteration that it will run as part of the Formula E package and the claim that two Robocars will appear on track together later this year.

approximately 14 months after it was initially announced, Robot race has finally unveiled the Robocar, the first driverless electric race car. Roborace promises to be the first entirely autonomous racing series, and the Robocar will be the car that its teams will field. The Robocar has been teased in the past, but this is its final form, unveiled today at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain.Robocar is positively loaded with tech.

Each of its four electric motors puts out about 400 horsepower, its battery capacity is 540 kWh and it will be capable of speeds over 200 mph. It will drive itself using five LIDAR emitters, two radar emitters, 18 ultrasonic sensors, six cameras and two optical speed sensors. NVidia's Drive PX2 computer will be responsible for crunching all that data.

Roborace Despite all those components, the car weighs just 2,150 pounds, which is less than a 2017Mazda MX-5 Miata. Sounds like every car will be the same, right? They will be, sort of. Roborace will provide the cars themselves, but it will be up to each individual team to provide the software that will get the cars around the track.

Roborace will establish an open AI platform, off which those teams will build that software. As you can see, there's no space for a driver -- if the software doesn't work, the car won't compete."Roborace opens a new dimension where motorsport as we know it meets the unstoppable rise of artificial intelligence," said Daniel Simon, Roborace's chief design officer.

"We take special pride in revealing a functional machine that stays true to the initial concept shared, a rarity in automotive design and a testament of our determination. It's a great feeling to set this free. "Originally announced in December 2015, Roborace moved quickly, showing off its Dev Bot prototype last August. The final product stays true to its concept, with a positively futuristic style that looks like part Formula 1, and part "Minority Report." Roborace hopes to get off the ground this year.

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Nokia is used to be one of the worlds biggest mobile phone manufacturers but it fell behind with the advance of iPhone and android smartphones in 2014 Nokia devices and services division was sold to Microsoft in 2016 finish company HMD global bought a part of Microsoft future phone business and has a licensing agreement that allows it to make smartphones under the Nokia brand. Nokia is one of the greatest documented brands in the past period, and at one time it was the world’s main mobile producers in the world.The Finnish company Nokia is now operating in the mobile and tablet interplanetary under a brand licensing model.

Nokia 6:

The Nokia android smartphone from HMD Global has been reported 1standroid smartphone as Nokia 6. Here are few features and specification are revealed that will be carried with Nokia 6. The handset designing is looks a mono-block shape etched from a solitary bit of aluminum – however it speaks to the modern edge plan morals of a cell phone with a 1920×1080 Full HD display screen 5.5 inch. Nokia 6 2017 android mobile has Aluminum uni body design, For the connectivity feature it incorporates 4G LTE, Bluetooth 4.1, GPS, USB OTG and WiFi 802.11 b/g/n,. The Dolby Atoms have given the sound. Moreover, it has a unique fingerprint sensor to unlock Nokia 6.

Price

(Indian Rupees) Expected Rs.16,999
USD $377.76 approx

SPECIFICATION

Technology / Frequency Bands.
GSM : 900/1800MHz HSPA+ : 850/900/1900/2100 MHz

Battery Type.
Li - Po

Capacity
3000 mAh

Standby
768 hours

talk tim
1320 mins

Built Dimension
154x75.8 x7.85 mm

Weight.
Nil

Colors
Arte Black, Matte Black, Tempered Blue, Silver and Copper.

Display Size
1920x1080 pixels

color
LCDColors16000000 colors

Secondary Display
no

Camera
Yes 16MP

Resolution
4640x3480 pixels

Zoom
yes

Flash
yes

Secondary Camera
yes

Secondary Camera Resolution
3264x2448 pixels

Flash                            
no

Bluetooth                          
Yes

Irda                                   
No

Wlan/Wi-fi                        
Yes

USB                                   
yes

GPS                                   
yes

Data GPRS                        
Yes

EDGE                                
Yes

3G                                     
Yes

Internet Browsing              
Yes , Android Web kit browser

Media
Audio Playback                  
Yes

Video Playback                  
Yes

Ringtones                          
64 polyphonic MP3/MIDI/WAV/AMR

FM Radio                           
Yes 3.5mm Headphone Jackyes

Memory Inbuilt                  
64 GB

Memory Slot                      
Yes micro SD/Trans Flash

Messaging
SMS                                    
Yes

MMS                                   
Yes

Email                                   
Yes

Software Operating System 
Android 7.0

NOKIA 5.

Price

(Indian Rupees) Expected Price:Rs.13499.
(USD) Expected Price: $299.98 approx.

Description

Nokia 5 is a smartphone powered by Android 7.1.1 Nougat and 13MP Camera with Dual tone LED flash.

Highlights

- 1.2 GHz Snapdragon 430 Octa
-Core Processor- 2GB RAM With 16GB ROM
- 5.2 Inch HD IPS Display
-Single Speaker
-Dual SIM
-13MP Rear Camera With Dual Tone LED Flash
-8MP Front Camera
-4G VoLTE/WiFi
-Dolby Digital
-3000mAh Battery.

Network
Technology / Frequency Bands            
GSM : 900/1800MHz HSPA+ : 850/900/1900/2100 MHz

Battery Type                     
Li - Po

Capacity                           
3000 mAh

Standby                            
Nil

Talktime                          
Nil

Built Dimensions                      
154x75.8x7.85 mm

Weight                              
Nil

Colors                                
Tempered Blue, Silver, Matte Black and Copper

Display Size                      
1280x720 pixels

color                              
LCD

Colors                                
16000000 colors

Secondary Display             
no

Camera                              
Yes 13 MP

Resolution                          
4208x3120 pixels

Zoom                                  
yes

Flash                                   
yes

Secondary Camera            
Yes

Secondary Camera Resolution                          
3264x2448 pixels

Flash                                   
no

Bluetooth                            
Yes

Irda                                     
No

Wlan/Wi-fi                          
Yes

USB                                    
Yes

GPS                                    
Yes

Data GPRS                          
Yes

EDGE                                  
Yes

3G                                        
Yes

Internet Browsing                
Yes , Android Web kit browser

Audio Playback                    
Yes

Video Playback                    
Yes

Ringtones                             
64 polyphonic MP3/MIDI/WAV/AMR

FM Radio                             
Yes 3.5mm Headphone Jackyes

Memory Inbuilt                    
16 GB

Memory Slot                         
Yes micro SD/Trans Flash

Messaging
SMS                                      
Yes

MMS                                      
Yes

Email                                      
Yes

NOKIA 3

Price

(Indian rupees)expected Rs.9,999
USD Expected $222.2 approx

Highlights

- 1.3 GHz MTK6737 Quad-Core Processor
- 2GB RAM With 16GB ROM
-5 Inch HD IPS Display
- Single Speaker
- Dual SIM
- 8MP Rear Camera With LED Flash
- 8MP Front Camera With Display Flash
- 4G VoLTE/WiFi
- 2650mAh Battery.

Specifications

Network
Technology / Frequency Bands                
GSM : 900/1800MHz HSPA+ : 850/900/1900/2100 MHz

Battery-type                        
Li - Po

Capacity                             
2650 mAh

Standby                              
Nil

Talk time                            
Nil

Built Dimensions                        
143.4x71.4x8.48 mm

Weight                                
Nil

Colors                                 
Silver White, Matte Black, Tempered Blue and Copper White

Display Size                        
1280x720 pixels

color :                                  
LCD

Colors                                 
16000000 colors

Secondary Display              
no

Camera                                
Yes  8.1 MP

Resolution                          
3264x2448 pixels

Zoom                                   
yes

Flash                                   
yes

Secondary Camera              
yes

Secondary Camera Resolution                          
3264x2448 pixels

Flash                                    
no

Bluetooth                             
Yes

Irda                                      
No

Wlan /Wi-fi                           
Yes

USB                                      
yes

GPS                                      
yes

Data GPRS                            
Yes

EDGE                                   
Yes

3G                                         
Yes

Internet Browsing                 
Yes , Android Web kit browser

Media
Audio Playback                     
Yes

Video Playback                      
Yes

Ringtones                              
64 polyphonic MP3/MIDI/WAVE/AMR

FM Radio                               
Yes 3.5mm Headphone Jacky's

Memory Inbuilt                      
16 GB

Memory Slot                          
Yes micro SD/Trans Flash

Messaging
SMS                                        
Yes

MMS                                       
Yes

Email                                      
Yes

Software Operating System     
Android 7.0

NOKIA 3310.

Price

in India Rupees 3,499
USD $77.76 approx

Highlights

- 2.4 Inch QVGA Display
- Micro SD Up-to 32GB
- Dual Normal SIM
- 2MP Camera With LED Flash
- FM Radio
- MP3 Player
- Bluetooth 3.0 With SLAM
- Nokia Series 30+ OS
- 1200 MAh Battery

Specifications

Network
Technology / Frequency Bands                          
GSM : 900/1800MHz GSM : 900/1800 MHz

Battery Type                                  
Li - Ion

Capacity                                         
1200 mAh

Standby                                          
744 hours

Talk-time                                        
1320 min

Built Dimensions                                    
115.6x51x12.8 mm

Weight                                            
Nil

Colors                                              
Warm Red, Dark Blue, Yellow and Grey

Display Size                                     
320 x 240 pixels

color :                                      
LCD

Colors                                              
16000000 colors

Secondary Display                           
no

Camera                                             
Yes 2.0 Megapixel

Resolution                                        
1600x1200 pixels

Zoom                                              
Yes

Flash                                                
Yes

Secondary Camera                           
yes

Secondary Camera Flash                
No

Connectivity
Bluetooth                                         
Yes

Irda                                                   
No

Wlan / Wi-fi                                     
No

USB                                                  
Yes

GPS                                                   
no

Data GPRS                                       
Yes

EDGE                                               
Yes

3G                                                     
No

Internet Browsing                             
Yes , Opera Mini

Media
Audio Play back                                
Yes

Video Playback                                  
Yes

Ringtones                                           
MP3 and Polyphonic

FM Radio                                           
Yes 3.5mm Headphone Jacky's

Memory Inbuilt                                   
16 MB

Memory Slot                                      
Yes micro SD/Trans Flash

Messaging
SMS                                                  
Yes

MMS                                                   
Yes

Email                                                  
Yes

Software Operating System                 
Symbian

THANK YOU KEEP VISITING FOR MORE INFORMATION.

BLACK HOLE.

Most stars end up as white dwarfs or neutron stars, black holes are the last evolutionary stage in the life times of enormous stars that had been at least 10 or 15 times as massive as our own sun. When giant stars reach the final stages of their lives they often detonate in cataclysms known as supernovae. Such an explosion scatters most of a star into the void of space but leaves behind a large "cold" remnant on which fusion no longer takes place.

A black hole is a region of space time exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing not even particles and electro magnetic radiation such as light can escape from inside it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform space time to form a black hole. The boundary of the region from which no escape is possible is called the event horizon.

Although the event horizon has an enormous effect on the fate and circumstances of an object crossing it, no locally detectable features appear to be observed. In many ways a black hole acts like an ideal black body, as it reflects no light. Moreover,quantum field theory in curved space time predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass.

This temperature is on the order of billionths of a kelvin for black holes of stellar mass, making it essentially impossible to observe. Black holes can be big or small. Scientists think the smallest black holes are as small as just one atom. These black holes are very tiny but have the mass of a large mountain. Mass is the amount of matter, or "stuff," in an object.Another kind of black hole is called"stellar." Its mass can be up to 20 times more than the mass of the sun.
There may be many, many stellar mass black holes in Earth's galaxy. Earth's galaxy is called the Milky Way.The largest black holes are called "super-massive." These black holes have masses that are more than 1 million suns together.

Scientists have found proof that every large galaxy contains a super-massive black hole at its center. The super-massive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy is called Sagittarius A. It has a mass equal to about 4 million suns and would fit inside a very large ball that could hold a few million Earths.
Gravitational collapse occurs when an object's internal pressure is insufficient to resist the object's own gravity. For stars this usually occurs either because a star has too little "fuel" left to maintain its temperature through stellar nuclei synthesis, or because a star that would have been stable receives extra matter in a way that does not raise its core temperature.

In either case the star's temperature is no longer high enough to prevent it from collapsing under its own weight. The collapse may be stopped by the degeneracy pressure of the star's constituents, allowing the condensation of matter into an exotic denser state. The result is one of the various types of compact star. The type of compact star formed depends on the mass of the remnant of the original star left after the outer layers have been blown away.
Such explosions and pulsations lead to planetary nebula. This mass can be substantially less than the original star. Remnants exceeding 5 M☉are produced by stars that were over 20 M☉before the collapse. If the mass of the remnant exceeds about 3–4 M☉the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volk off limit. either because the original star was very heavy or because the remnant collected additional mass through accretion of matter, even the degeneracy pressure of neutron sis insufficient to stop the collapse.

No known mechanism except possibly quark degeneracy pressure, see quark star is powerful enough to stop the implosion and the object will inevitably collapse to form a black hole. The gravitational collapse of heavy stars isassumed to be responsible for the formation of stellar mass black holes. Star formation in the early universe may have resulted in very massive stars, which upon their collapse would have produced black holes of up to 103 M.
These black holes could be the seeds of the super-massive black holes found in the centers of most galaxies. It has further been suggested that super-massive black holes with typical masses of ~105 M☉could have formed from the direct collapse of gas clouds in the young universe. Some candidates for such objects have been found in observations of the young universe.

While most of the energy released during gravitational collapse is emitted very quickly, an outside observer does not actually see the end of this process.

Even though the collapse takes a finite amount of time from the reference frame of in falling matter, a distant observer would see the in falling material slow and halt just above the event horizon, due to gravitational time dilation. Light from the collapsing material takes longer and longer to reach the observer, with the light emitted just before the event horizon forms delayed an infinite amount of time. Thus the external observer never sees the formation of the event horizon; instead, the collapsing material seems to become dimmer and increasingly red-shifted, eventually fading away.

Gravitational collapse is not the only process that could create black holes. In principle, black holes could be formed in high-energy collisions that achieve sufficient density. As of 2002, no such events have been detected, either directly or indirectly as a deficiency of the mass balance in particle accelerator experiments. This suggests that there must be a lower limit for the mass of black holes.

Theoretically, this boundary is expected to lie around the Planck mass (mP=√ħc/G≈1.2×1019 GeV/c2≈2.2×10−8 kg), where quantum effects are expected to invalidate the predictions of general relativity. This would put the creation of black holes firmly out of reach of any high-energy process occurring on or near the Earth. However, certain developments in quantum gravity suggest that the Planck mass could be much lower: some brane world scenarios for example put the boundary as low as1 TeV/c2.

This would make it conceivable for micro black holes to be created in the high-energy collisions that occur when cosmic rays hit the Earth's atmosphere, or possibly in theLarge Hadron Collider at CERN. These theories are very speculative, and the creation of black holes in these processes is deemed unlikely by many specialists. Even if micro black holes could be formed, it is expected that they would evaporate in about 10−25seconds, posing no threat to the Earth.

Once a black hole has formed, it can continue to grow by absorbing additional matter. Any black hole will continually absorb gas and interstellar dust from its surroundings and omni present cosmic background radiation. This is the primary process through which supermassive black holes seem to have grown. A similar process has been suggested for the formation of intermediate-mass black holes found in globular clusters.

Another possibility for black hole growth, is for a black hole to merge with other objects such as stars or even other black holes. Although not necessary for growth, this is thought to have been important, especially for the early development of supermassive black holes, which could have formed from the coagulation of many smaller objects. The process has also been proposed as the origin of some intermediate-mass black holes.
Hawking radiation In 1974, Hawking predicted that black holes are not entirely black but emit small amounts of thermal radiation; this effect has become known as Hawking radiation. By applying quantum field theory to a static black hole background, he determined that a black hole should emit particles that display a perfect black body spectrum.

Since Hawking's publication, many others have verified the result through various approaches. If Hawking's theory of black hole radiation is correct, then black holes are expected to shrink and evaporate over time as they lose mass by the emission of photons andother particles. The temperature of this thermal spectrum (Hawking temperature) is proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole, which, for a Schwarzs child black hole, is inversely proportional to the mass.
Hence, large black holes emit less radiation than small black holes. A stellar black hole of 1 M☉has a Hawking temperature of about 100 nano kelvins. This is far less than the 2.7 K temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Stellar-mass or larger black holes receive more mass from the cosmic microwave background than they emit through Hawking radiation and thus will grow instead of shrink.

To have a Hawking temperature larger than 2.7 K, a black hole would need a mass less than the Moon. Such a black hole would have a diameter of less than a tenth of a millimeter. If a black hole is very small, the radiation effects are expected to become very strong. Even a black hole that is heavy compared to a human would evaporate in an instant.
A black hole with the mass of a car would have a diameter of about 10−24m and take a nano second to evaporate, during which time it would briefly have a luminosity of more than 200 times that of the Sun. Lower-mass black holes are expected to evaporate even faster; for example, a black hole of mass 1 TeV/c2 would take less than 10−88 seconds to evaporate completely. For such a small black hole,quantum gravitation effects are expected to play an important role and could hypothetically make such a small black hole stable, although current developments in quantum gravity do not indicate so.

The Hawking radiation for an astro physical black hole is predicted to be very weak and would thus be exceedingly difficult to detect from Earth. A possible exception, however, is the burst of gamma rays emitted in the last stage of the evaporation of primordial black holes. Searches for such flashes have proven unsuccessful and provide stringent limits on the possibility of existence of low mass primordial black hole

On 14 September 2015 the LIGO gravitational wave observatory made the first-ever successful observation of gravitational waves. The signal was consistent with theoretical predictions for the gravitational waves produced by the merger of two black holes: one with about 36solar masses, and the other around 29 solar masses. This observation provides the most concrete evidence for the existence of black holes to date. For instance, the gravitational wave signal suggests that the separation of the two objects prior to the merger was just 350 km.

The objects must therefore have been extremely compact, leaving black holes as the most plausible interpretation. More importantly, the signal observed by LIGO also included the start of the post-merger ring down, the signal produced as the newly formed compact object settles down to a stationary state. Arguably, the ring down is the most direct way of observing a black hole. From the LIGO signal it is possible to extract the frequency and damping time of the dominant mode of the ring down. From these it is possible to infer the mass and angular momentum of the final object, which match independent predictions from numerical simulations of the merger.

The frequency and decay time of the dominant mode are determined by the geometry of the photon sphere. Hence, observation of this mode confirms the presence of a photon sphere, however it cannot exclude possible exotic alternatives to black holes that are compact enough to have a photon sphere. The observation also provides the first observational evidence for the existence of stellar-mass black hole binaries. Further more, it is the first observational evidence of stellar-mass black holes weighing 25 solar masses or more.

Astronomers use the term "active galaxy" to describe galaxies with unusual characteristics, such as unusual spectral intermission and very strong radio emission. Theoretical and observational studies have shown that the activity in these active galactic nuclei (AGN) may be explained by the presence of super-massive black holes, which can be millions of times more massive than stellar ones.

The models of these AGN consist of a central black hole that may be millions or billions of times more massive than the Sun; a disk of gas and dust called an accretion disk; and two jets perpendicular to the accretion disk. Detection of unusually bright X-Ray flare from Sagittarius A*, a black hole in the center of the Milky Way galaxy on 5 January 2015.
Although super-massive black holes are expected to be found in most AGN, only some galaxies' nuclei have been more carefully studied in attempts to both identify and measure the actual masses of the central super-massive black hole candidates. Some of the most notable galaxies with super-massive black hole candidates include the Andromeda Galaxy,M32,M87,NGC 3115,NGC 3377,NGC 4258,NGC 4889,NGC 1277,OJ 287,APM 08279+5255 and the Sombrero Galaxy.

It is now widely accepted that the center of nearly every galaxy, not just active ones, contains a supermassive black hole. The close observational correlation between the mass of this hole and the velocity dispersion of the host galaxy's bulge, known as the M-sigma relation, strongly suggests a connection between the formation of the black hole and the galaxy itself.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A SMALL SIZE A BLACK HOLE PRESENT IN EARTH.

The Earth would be destroyed, but the whole planet would not be swallowed up by the black hole. A black hole with avSchwarzs child radius of about a centimeter, which would make it about the size of a coin, would have about the same mass as the Earth. The reason the Earth will be destroyed but not simply swallowed up is because the Earth will be resisting the black hole in at least two ways.

First of all, not all of the Earth would simply be sucked into the black hole. When the matter near the black hole begins to fall into the black hole, it will be compressed to a very high density that will cause it to be heated to very high temperatures. These high temperatures will cause gamma rays, X-rays, and other radiation to heat up the other matter falling in to the black hole.

The net effect will be that there will be a strong outward pressure on the outer layers of the Earth that will first slow down their fall and will eventually ionize and push the outer layers away from the black hole. So some inner portion of the core will fall into the black hole, but the outer layers, including the crust and all of us, would be vaporized to a high temperature plasma and blown into space.

This would be a gigantic explosion—a significant fraction of the rest of the mass of the Earth matter that actually fell into the black hole will be converted into energy. For astrophysical black holes, up to 40 percent of the rest mass of the accreted material can be emitted in radiation. This radiation will be absorbed by the outer layers of the Earth and will vaporize them. Examples of this kind of dramatic matter to energy conversion are quasars.

Quasars are the most luminous objects in the universe, and they are powered by matter falling onto a supermassive black hole. So there will be plenty of energy available to blow off the other layers of the Earth and they will escape! For example, when the black hole is first placed at the center of the Earth, the first thing we would all notice is that gravity increased by a factor of two on the surface of the Earth.

However, the escape velocity of an object only increases as the square root of the mass, so the current 11 km/s escape velocity on the surface of the Earth will only increase to about 16.8 km/s. A very significant fraction of the mass of the Earth will become a vaporized hot plasma and will be going faster than that when it passes the radius of what used to be the surface of the Earth.

Secondly, the Earth is rotating, so by conservation of angular momentum, when a significant amount of mass has started to fall into the black hole, the mass will also begin rotating at a higher and higher rate. This angular momentum will tend to slow down the fall into the black hole and will eventually result in something like an accretion disc around the black hole. This will also limitthe fraction of the Earth that will fall into the black hole and will greatly increase the time it takes for the black hole to consume whatever fraction of the mass of the Earth it will consume.

The reason for the delay is that the accretion disc has to use friction to transfer angular momentum from the innermost portion of the disc to the outer edge of the disc, where it will cause material to be ejected from the vicinityof the disc carrying away angular momentum. The lower angular momentum near the center will allow that innermost material to fall into the black hole. In fact, even though the Earth only rotates once per day, the angular momentum of the Earth is huge.

There are limits to how much angular momentum a black hole can have roughly the maximum angular momentum is where the "surface" of the black hole if it had a surface it would approach the speed of light. Trying to make a small black hole with all of the Earth's angular momentum would mean that the surface would have to travel at about 10 9times the speed of light. So most of the mass of the Earth would have to be used to carry away almost all of the original angular momentum of the Earth in order to keep the black hole below its angular momentum limit.

But what if there is no explosion and no angular momentum to stop the surface from falling in to the black hole? How long would it take for the Earth to "fall" into the black hole? Well, imagine that somehow, magically, all the mass of the Earth just became a black hole at the center of the Earth and that you were standing on the North Pole with no angular momentum in a space suit (since you are now in a vacuum).

How long would it take until you are spaghettified as you fall into the black hole? We can get an approximate answer by using Newtonian gravitation instead of general relativity, which is what is really needed for motion into or near a black hole. According to Newtonian gravity, it would take approximately 15 minutes to fall into the black hole.

For a black hole with twice the mass, it would take 10 minutes to fall into the hole. So the more accurate general relativity answer may be slightly different, but the time for the surface to fall in will be something close to 10 to 15 minutes. This would be the time as measured by you as you fall into the hole. For someone on the moon watching you fall, the gravitational time dilation will make it look like you are falling slower and slower when you get very close to the black hole, so it would look like it would take forever to hit the black hole horizon.

However, for you, falling in, it will be all over in approximately 10 to 15 minutes or so from your point of view. Similarly, if there were no explosion and no angular momentum that would retard or prevent the swallowing up of the Earth, then it would take about 10 to 15 minutes for the whole Earth to fall into the new black hole at the center of the Earth.

THANK YOU KEEP VISITING FOR MORE INFORMATION.